惡
惡 - Translingual
Han character
惡 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一一心 (MMP), four-corner 10331, composition ⿱亞心)
Descendants
惡 - Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 惡 | |
|---|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ) : phonetic 亞 (OC *qraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ok3
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): ok2
- Gan (Wiktionary): ngoh6
- Hakka
- (Sixian, PFS): ok
- (Meixian, Guangdong): og5
- Jin (Wiktionary): ghah4
- Min Bei (KCR): ŏ̤
- Min Dong (BUC): áuk
- Min Nan
- Wu (Wiktionary): 4oq
- Xiang (Wiktionary): o6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: è
- Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: è
- Wade–Giles: o4
- Yale: è
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
- Palladius: э (e)
- Sinological IPA : /ˀɤ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ngo2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngo
- Sinological IPA : /ŋo²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: ok3
- Yale: ok
- Cantonese Pinyin: ok8
- Guangdong Romanization: og3
- Sinological IPA : /ɔːk̚³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ok2
- Sinological IPA : /ɔk̚⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: ngoh6
- Sinological IPA : /ŋɔʔ⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ok
- Hakka Romanization System: og`
- Hagfa Pinyim: og5
- Sinological IPA: /ok̚²/
- (Meixian)
- Guangdong: og5
- Sinological IPA: /ɔk̚¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ghah4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɣaʔ²/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ŏ̤
- Sinological IPA : /ɔ²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: áuk
- Sinological IPA : /ɑuʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ok
- Tâi-lô: ok
- Phofsit Daibuun: og
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɔk̚³²/
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɔk̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Hsinchu, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong, Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oh
- Tâi-lô: oh
- Phofsit Daibuun: oiq
- IPA (Yilan): /oʔ²/
- IPA (Tainan, Kaohsiung): /ɤʔ³²/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kinmen, Singapore): /oʔ³²/
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang): /oʔ⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
Note:
- ok - literary;
- oh - vernacular (“difficult; slow”, usually written as 僫／𱏀).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ag4 / oh4
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ak / oh
- Sinological IPA : /ak̚²/, /oʔ²/
- (Teochew)
Note:
- ag4 - literary;
- oh4 - vernacular (“difficult”).
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: 4oq
- Sinological IPA : /ʊʔ⁵⁵/
- (Shanghainese)
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: o6
- Sinological IPA : /o²⁴/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit 惡 (善惡) |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɤ⁵¹/ |
| Harbin | /ɤ⁴⁴/ /nɤ⁴⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /nɤ⁵³/ | |
| Jinan | /ŋə²¹³/ | |
| Qingdao | /və⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /ɤ²⁴/ | |
| Xi'an | /ŋɤ²¹/ | |
| Xining | /nu⁴⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /ə¹³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ə¹³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ŋɤ²¹³/ | |
| Wuhan | /uo²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /ŋo³¹/ /o³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /ŋo²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /o³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /oʔ⁵/ | |
| Hefei | /ʐɐʔ⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɣaʔ²/ |
| Pingyao | /ŋʌʔ¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /ŋaʔ⁴³/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /oʔ⁵/ |
| Suzhou | /oʔ⁵/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ʔoʔ⁵/ | |
| Wenzhou | /o²¹³/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /ŋɔʔ²¹/ |
| Tunxi | /ŋo⁵/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /o²⁴/ |
| Xiangtan | /o²⁴/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ŋɔʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ok̚¹/ |
| Taoyuan | /ok̚²²/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ɔk̚³/ |
| Nanning | /ɔk̚³³/ | |
| Hong Kong | /ɔk̚³/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /ok̚³²/ /oʔ³²/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /ɔuʔ²³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /ɔ²⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /ak̚²/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /ɔk̚⁵/ |
- Middle Chinese: /ʔɑk̚/
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 烏各切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| ZhengzhangShangfang | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| PanWuyun | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| ShaoRongfen | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| EdwinPulleyblank | /ʔak̚/ |
| LiRong | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| WangLi | /ɑk̚/ |
| BernardKarlgren | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | e |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ok3 |
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤak/
- (Zhengzhang): /*qaːɡ/
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | è |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔak › |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔˁak/ |
| English | bad, ugly |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 14220 |
| Phonetic component | 亞 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 惡 |
| Old Chinese | /*qaːɡ/ |
Definitions
惡
- evil; wicked; foul
- fierce; hostile; ferocious
- bad; poor
- (Cantonese, Min Nan) difficult
- (Taiwanese Hokkien) slow
Usage notes
僫 is more common for the Hokkien word when pronounced oh.
Synonyms
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 難, 困難, 艱難 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 難, 困難, 艱難 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 難 |
| Taiwan | 難 | |
| Jinan | 難 | |
| Xi'an | 難 | |
| Wuhan | 難 | |
| Chengdu | 難 | |
| Guilin | 難 | |
| Yangzhou | 難 | |
| Hefei | 難 | |
| Singapore | 難 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 難, 惡 † |
| Hong Kong | 難, 惡 † | |
| Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 難 | |
| Taishan | 難, 惡 † | |
| Yangjiang | 難, 惡 † | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 難 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 難 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 難 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 難 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 難 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 難 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 難 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 難 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 難 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 難 |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 難 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 艱難, 難 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 惡, 歹 †, 艱苦 |
| Quanzhou | 惡 | |
| Jinjiang | 難 | |
| Zhangzhou | 惡 | |
| Zhao'an | 惡, 䆀 † | |
| Dongshan | 惡 | |
| Taipei | 惡 | |
| New Taipei (Sanxia) | 惡 | |
| Kaohsiung | 惡 | |
| Yilan | 惡 | |
| Changhua (Lukang) | 惡 | |
| Taichung | 惡 | |
| Tainan | 惡, 歹 † | |
| Hsinchu | 惡 | |
| Kinmen | 惡 | |
| Penghu (Magong) | 惡 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 歹 † | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 歹 †, 惡 | |
| Chaozhou | 惡 | |
| Shantou | 難, 惡 | |
| Shantou (Chenghai) | 惡 | |
| Jieyang | 惡, 艱苦 | |
| Haifeng | 惡 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 惡, 歹 † | |
| Wenchang | 惡 | |
| Haikou | 惡 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 惡 | |
| Wu | Suzhou | 難 |
| Wenzhou | 難 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 難 |
| Shuangfeng | 難 | |
| Note | † - only used with a verbal complement | |
Compounds
|
|
|
Descendants
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wu3
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): vu1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vu
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien, POJ): òⁿ / ò͘
- (Teochew, Peng'im): u3
- (Hokkien, POJ): òⁿ / ò͘
- Wu (Wiktionary): 2u
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: wù
- Zhuyin: ㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: wù
- Wade–Giles: wu4
- Yale: wù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuh
- Palladius: у (u)
- Sinological IPA : /u⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: wu3
- Yale: wu
- Cantonese Pinyin: wu3
- Guangdong Romanization: wu3
- Sinological IPA : /wuː³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: vu1
- Sinological IPA : /vu³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vu
- Hakka Romanization System: vu
- Hagfa Pinyim: vu4
- Sinological IPA: /vu⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: òⁿ
- Tâi-lô: ònn
- Phofsit Daibuun: vox
- IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /ɔ̃²¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɔ̃⁴¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /ɔ̃¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ò͘
- Tâi-lô: òo
- Phofsit Daibuun: ox
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɔ²¹/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: u3
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ù
- Sinological IPA : /u²¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: 2u
- Sinological IPA : /v̩ʷ³⁴/
- (Shanghainese)
- Middle Chinese: /ʔuoH/
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 烏路切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| ZhengzhangShangfang | /ʔuoH/ |
| PanWuyun | /ʔuoH/ |
| ShaoRongfen | /ʔoH/ |
| EdwinPulleyblank | /ʔɔH/ |
| LiRong | /ʔoH/ |
| WangLi | /uH/ |
| BernardKarlgren | /ʔuoH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wu3 |
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤak-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*qaːɡs/
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔuH › |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔˁak-s/ |
| English | hate (v.) |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 14219 |
| Phonetic component | 亞 |
| Rime group | 暮 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 汙 |
| Old Chinese | /*qaːɡs/ |
Definitions
惡
Compounds
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: wū
- Zhuyin: ㄨ
- Tongyong Pinyin: wu
- Wade–Giles: wu1
- Yale: wū
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: u
- Palladius: у (u)
- Sinological IPA : /u⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: wu1
- Yale: wū
- Cantonese Pinyin: wu1
- Guangdong Romanization: wu1
- Sinological IPA : /wuː⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Min Nan
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: u1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: u
- Sinological IPA : /u³³/
- (Teochew)
- Middle Chinese: /ʔuo/
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 哀都切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| ZhengzhangShangfang | /ʔuo/ |
| PanWuyun | /ʔuo/ |
| ShaoRongfen | /ʔo/ |
| EdwinPulleyblank | /ʔɔ/ |
| LiRong | /ʔo/ |
| WangLi | /u/ |
| BernardKarlgren | /ʔuo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wu1 |
Definitions
惡
Compounds
Pronunciation
- Wu (Wiktionary): 2u
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: 2u
- Sinological IPA : /v̩ʷ³⁴/
- (Shanghainese)
Definitions
惡
- (Wu) excrement
Synonyms
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 糞, 屎, 糞便, 大便, 大恭 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 屎, 大外, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Taiwan | 大便, 屎 | |
| Harbin | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish | |
| Yantai (Muping) | 屎 | |
| Jinan | 屎, 大糞, 㞎㞎 childish | |
| Luoyang | 屎, 屎㞎㞎 childish | |
| Wanrong | 屎 | |
| Xi'an | 屎 | |
| Yinchuan | 屎 | |
| Lanzhou | 屎 | |
| Xining | 大便 | |
| Ürümqi | 屎 | |
| Wuhan | 㞎㞎, 屎, 大糞, 糞, 糟兒 slang, 米田共 argot | |
| Chengdu | 屎, 屎㞎衣兒, 㞎㞎 childish, 屎㞎㞎 childish | |
| Guiyang | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish, 屎㞎兒 childish | |
| Liuzhou | 屎, 癟, 大便 | |
| Xuzhou | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish | |
| Yangzhou | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish | |
| Nanjing | 屎 | |
| Malaysia | 屎, 大便 | |
| Singapore | 屎, 大便 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 屎, 茄 |
| Hong Kong | 屎, 茄, 大便, 米田共 slang, 便便 childish, 唔唔 childish, 臭臭 childish | |
| Macau | 屎 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen) | 屎, 茄 | |
| Dongguan | 屎 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 屎 | |
| Penang (Guangfu) | 屎 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 屎 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 屎 |
| Lichuan | 屎 | |
| Pingxiang | 屎 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 屎 |
| Yudu | 屎 | |
| Kuching (Hepo) | 屎 | |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 屎, 練 childish |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 屎 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 屎 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 屎 |
| Quanzhou | 屎 | |
| Zhangzhou | 屎 | |
| Tainan | 屎, 大便 GT | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 屎 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 屎 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 屎 | |
| Chaozhou | 屎 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 屎 | |
| Leizhou | 屎 | |
| Haikou | 屎 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 屎 | |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 屎 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 惡, 大解 dated |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 惡 | |
| Suzhou | 惡 | |
| Danyang | 屎 | |
| Hangzhou | 惡 | |
| Ningbo | 惡 | |
| Wenzhou | 惡 | |
| Jinhua | 惡 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Loudi | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish | |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | |
惡 - Japanese
Kanji
惡
(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 悪)
Readings
惡 - Korean
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [a̠k̚]
- Phonetic hangul: [악]
Hanja
- Hanja form? of 악 (“evil; wickedness”). [noun]
Compounds
- 간악 (奸惡, ganak)
- 강악 (強惡, gang'ak)
- 괴악 (怪惡, goeak)
- 극악 (極惡, geugak)
- 선악 (善惡, seonak)
- 악감 (惡感, akgam)
- 악과 (惡果, akgwa)
- 악귀 (惡鬼, akgwi)
- 악기 (惡氣, akgi)
- 악녀 (惡女, angnyeo)
- 악담 (惡談, akdam)
- 악당 (惡黨, akdang)
- 악덕 (惡德, akdeok)
- 악령 (惡靈, angnyeong)
- 악마 (惡魔, angma)
- 악몽 (惡夢, angmong)
- 악법 (惡法, akbeop)
- 악설 (惡舌/惡說, akseol)
- 악성 (惡性, akseong)
- 악성 (惡聲, akseong)
- 악습 (惡習, akseup)
- 악역 (惡役, agyeok)
- 악용 (惡用, agyong)
- 악의 (惡意, agui)
- 악인 (惡人, agin)
- 악질 (惡疾, akjil)
- 악질 (惡質, akjil)
- 악취 (惡臭, akchwi)
- 악투 (惡投, aktu)
- 악폐 (惡弊, akpye)
- 악풍 (惡風, akpung)
- 악화 (惡化, akhwa)
- 열악 (劣惡, yeorak)
- 잔악 (殘惡, janak)
- 조악 (粗惡, joak)
- 죄악 (罪惡, joeak)
- 참악 (慘惡, chamak)
- 최악 (最惡, choeak)
- 추악 (醜惡, chuak)
- 포악 (暴惡, poak)
- 해악 (害惡, haeak)
- 행악 (行惡, haeng'ak)
- 험악 (險惡, heomak)
- 흉악 (凶惡, hyung'ak)
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [o̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [오]
Hanja
Compounds
惡 - Tày
Adjective
惡 (ác)