信
信 - Translingual
Han character
信 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人卜一口 (OYMR), four-corner 20261, composition ⿰亻言)
Derived characters
信 - Chinese
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 信 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
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Ideogrammic compound (會意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *hljins) : phonetic 人 (OC *njin, “person”) + semantic 言 (“word”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): seon3
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhin1, lhin1*
- Gan (Wiktionary): xin4
- Hakka
- (Sixian, PFS): sin
- (Meixian, Guangdong): xin4
- Jin (Wiktionary): xing3
- Min Bei (KCR): se̿ng
- Min Dong (BUC): séng
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien, POJ): sìn / siàn
- (Teochew, Peng'im): sing3 / sêng3 / siang3
- Wu (Wiktionary): 2xin
- Xiang (Wiktionary): sin4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: xìn
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sìn
- Wade–Giles: hsin4
- Yale: syìn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shinn
- Palladius: синь (sinʹ)
- Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (信兒/信儿)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: xìnr
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣˋㄦ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sìnr
- Wade–Giles: hsinrh4
- Yale: syìnr
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiell
- Palladius: сиnр (sinr)
- Sinological IPA : /ɕiə̯ɻ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: xin4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xin
- Sinological IPA : /ɕin²¹³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щин (xin, III)
- Sinological IPA : /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Chengdu)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: seon3
- Yale: seun
- Cantonese Pinyin: soen3
- Guangdong Romanization: sên3
- Sinological IPA : /sɵn³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: lhin1, lhin1*
- Sinological IPA : /ɬin³³/, /ɬin³³⁻³³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: xin4
- Sinological IPA : /ɕin³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sin
- Hakka Romanization System: xin
- Hagfa Pinyim: xin4
- Sinological IPA: /ɕin⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- Guangdong: xin4
- Sinological IPA: /ɕin⁵³/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: xing3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕĩŋ⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: se̿ng
- Sinological IPA : /seiŋ³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: séng
- Sinological IPA : /sɛiŋ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sìn
- Tâi-lô: sìn
- Phofsit Daibuun: sixn
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /ɕin²¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /ɕin¹¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɕin⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siàn
- Tâi-lô: siàn
- Phofsit Daibuun: siexn
- IPA (Taipei): /ɕiɛn¹¹/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕiɛn²¹/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: sing3 / sêng3 / siang3
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sìng / sèng / siàng
- Sinological IPA : /siŋ²¹³/, /seŋ²¹³/, /siaŋ²¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- sing3/sêng3 - literary (sêng3 - Jieyang);
- siang3 - vernacular.
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: 2xin
- Sinological IPA : /ɕɪɲ³⁴/
- (Shanghainese)
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: sin4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /sin⁴⁵/
- Sinological IPA (new-style): /ɕin⁴⁵/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | edit 信 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕin⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /ɕin⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /ɕin⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /ɕiẽ²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /siə̃⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /sin³¹²/ | |
Xi'an | /ɕiẽ⁴⁴/ | |
Xining | /ɕiə̃²¹³/ | |
Yinchuan | /ɕiŋ¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /ɕĩn¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /ɕiŋ²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /ɕin³⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /ɕin¹³/ | |
Guiyang | /ɕin²¹³/ | |
Kunming | /ɕĩ²¹²/ | |
Nanjing | /sin⁴⁴/ | |
Hefei | /ɕin⁵³/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/ |
Pingyao | /ɕiŋ³⁵/ | |
Hohhot | /ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ɕiŋ³⁵/ |
Suzhou | /sin⁵¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /ɕin⁴⁴⁵/ | |
Wenzhou | /saŋ⁴²/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /siʌ̃³²⁴/ |
Tunxi | /sin⁴²/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /sin⁵⁵/ |
Xiangtan | /sin⁵⁵/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /ɕin⁴⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /sin⁵³/ |
Taoyuan | /sin⁵⁵/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /søn³³/ |
Nanning | /ɬɐn³³/ | |
Hong Kong | /søn³³/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /sin²¹/ |
Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /sɛiŋ²¹²/ | |
Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /seiŋ³³/ | |
Shantou (Min Nan) | /siŋ²¹³/ | |
Haikou (Min Nan) | /tin³⁵/ |
- Middle Chinese: /siɪnH/
Rime | |
---|---|
Character | 信 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
Final (韻) | 眞 (43) |
Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
Openness (開合) | Open |
Division (等) | III |
Fanqie | 息晉切 |
Reconstructions | |
ZhengzhangShangfang | /siɪnH/ |
PanWuyun | /sinH/ |
ShaoRongfen | /sjenH/ |
EdwinPulleyblank | /sinH/ |
LiRong | /siĕnH/ |
WangLi | /sĭĕnH/ |
BernardKarlgren | /si̯ĕnH/ |
Expected Mandarin Reflex | xìn |
Expected Cantonese Reflex | san3 |
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ni[ŋ]-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*hljins/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
---|---|
Character | 信 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xìn |
Middle Chinese | ‹ sinH › |
Old Chinese | /*s-ni[ŋ]-s/ |
English | truthful |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |
Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
---|---|
Character | 信 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
No. | 13849 |
Phonetic component | 信 |
Rime group | 眞 |
Rime subdivision | 1 |
Corresponding MC rime | 信 |
Old Chinese | /*hljins/ |
Notes | 金文或從人從口, 本指操信符傳言之信使, 故表可信,或從言身聲 |
Definitions
信
- true; accurate; verifiable
- truly; indeed
- trustworthy
- to believe; to trust in something
- to believe in (a faith); to be religious in
- trust; confidence; faith
- at will
- letter (written communication) (Classifier: 封 m c mn)
- message; news; information
- 信息 ― xìnxī ― news, message
- evidence
- 信物 ― xìnwù ― token, keepsake
- courier; messenger
- (mineralogy) arsenolite
- a surname: Xin
Synonyms
- (true):
- (to believe):
Variety | Location | Words edit |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 相信 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 信 |
Taiwan | 相信 | |
Tianjin | 信 | |
Tangshan | 信 | |
Cangzhou | 信 | |
Baoding | 信 | |
Shijiazhuang | 信 | |
Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 相信 | |
Harbin | 相信 | |
Shenyang | 相信, 信 | |
Yantai (Muping) | 信 | |
Qingdao | 信 | |
Jinan | 信 | |
Luoyang | 信 | |
Wanrong | 信 | |
Zhengzhou | 信 | |
Xi'an | 相信, 信 | |
Yinchuan | 相信, 信 | |
Lanzhou | 相信 | |
Xining | 相信, 信服, 信 | |
Ürümqi | 信, 相信 | |
Wuhan | 相信, 信 | |
Chengdu | 相信, 信, 信實 | |
Chongqing | 信 | |
Guiyang | 相信, 信 | |
Kunming | 相信, 信 | |
Guilin | 相信 | |
Liuzhou | 相信, 信 | |
Xuzhou | 相信, 信 | |
Yangzhou | 相信, 信 | |
Nanjing | 相信 | |
Hefei | 相信, 信 | |
Nantong | 相信, 信 | |
Malaysia | 相信 | |
Singapore | 相信 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 相信, 信 |
Hong Kong | 相信, 信 | |
Yangjiang | 相信, 信 | |
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 信 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 信 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 相信, 信 |
Pingxiang | 信 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 相信 |
Yudu | 相信 | |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 相信 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 相信 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 相信 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 相信 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 相信 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 相信 | |
Huizhou | Jixi | 相信 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 相信, 信 |
Xinzhou | 相信, 信 | |
Linhe | 相信, 信 | |
Jining | 相信 | |
Hohhot | 相信, 信 | |
Zhangjiakou | 相信 | |
Handan | 相信, 信 | |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 相信 |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 相信, 信用, 信 |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 相信 |
Quanzhou | 相信 | |
Zhangzhou | 相信 | |
Tainan | 相信 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 相信 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 相信 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 相信 | |
Chaozhou | 相信 | |
Jieyang | 相信 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 相信 | |
Leizhou | 信 | |
Haikou | 相信 | |
Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 相信 |
Wu | Shanghai | 相信 |
Shanghai (Chongming) | 相信 | |
Suzhou | 相信 | |
Danyang | 相信 | |
Hangzhou | 相信 | |
Ningbo | 相信 | |
Wenzhou | 相信, 信 | |
Jinhua | 相信 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 信 |
Loudi | 信 | |
Shuangfeng | 相信, 信 |
- (to believe in a faith): 信仰 (xìnyǎng)
- (letter):
Variety | Location | Words edit |
---|---|---|
Classical Chinese | 書, 函, 書札, 書函, 便紙 Korea | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 信, 函, 書信, 信件, 信函, 信札, 函件, 書函, 書簡, 書牘, 書札 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 信 |
Taiwan | 信 | |
Yantai (Muping) | 信 | |
Jinan | 信 | |
Luoyang | 信 | |
Wanrong | 信 | |
Xi'an | 信 | |
Yinchuan | 信 | |
Lanzhou | 信 | |
Xining | 信 | |
Ürümqi | 信 | |
Wuhan | 信 | |
Chengdu | 信 | |
Guiyang | 信 | |
Guilin | 信 | |
Liuzhou | 信 | |
Xuzhou | 信 | |
Yangzhou | 信 | |
Nanjing | 信 | |
Hefei | 信 | |
Malaysia | 信 | |
Singapore | 信 | |
Dagudi (Maliba) | 信 | |
Reshuitang (Longling) | 信 | |
Mae Salong (Lancang) | 信 | |
Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 信 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 信 |
Hong Kong | 信 | |
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 信 | |
Macau | 信 | |
Guangzhou (Panyu) | 信 | |
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 信 | |
Guangzhou (Conghua) | 信 | |
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 信 | |
Foshan | 信 | |
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 信 | |
Foshan (Shunde) | 信 | |
Foshan (Sanshui) | 信 | |
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 信 | |
Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 信 | |
Zhuhai (Qianshan) | 信 | |
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) | 信 | |
Zhuhai (Doumen) | 信 | |
Jiangmen (Baisha) | 信 | |
Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 信 | |
Taishan | 信 | |
Kaiping (Chikan) | 信 | |
Enping (Niujiang) | 信 | |
Heshan (Yayao) | 信 | |
Dongguan | 信 | |
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 信 | |
Shaoguan | 信 | |
Yunfu | 信 | |
Yangjiang | 信 | |
Xinyi | 信 | |
Lianjiang | 信 | |
Beihai | 信 | |
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 信 | |
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 信 | |
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 信 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 信 | |
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 信 | |
Móng Cái | 信 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 信 |
Lichuan | 信 | |
Pingxiang | 信 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 信 |
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 信 | |
Dongguan (Qingxi) | 信 | |
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 信 | |
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 信 | |
Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 信 | |
Wuhua (Huacheng) | 信 | |
Wuhua (Changbu) | 信 | |
Wuhua (Mianyang) | 信 | |
Conghua (Lütian) | 信 | |
Luhe | 信仔 | |
Yudu | 信 | |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 信仔 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 信仔 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 信仔 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 信 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 信仔, 信 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 批, 信 | |
Hong Kong | 信 | |
Huizhou | Jixi | 信 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 信 |
Xinzhou | 信 | |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 信 |
Songxi | 信 | |
Jianyang | 信 | |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 批 |
Gutian | 批 | |
Pingnan | 批, 信 | |
Ningde | 批 | |
Zhouning | 批 | |
Fuding | 信 | |
Matsu | 批 | |
Singapore (Fuqing) | 批 | |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 批, 批信 |
Quanzhou | 批, 批信 | |
Yongchun | 批 | |
Zhangzhou | 批, 批信 | |
Zhao'an | 批 | |
Taipei | 批 | |
New Taipei (Sanxia) | 批 | |
Kaohsiung | 批 | |
Yilan | 批 | |
Changhua (Lukang) | 批 | |
Taichung | 批 | |
Taichung (Wuqi) | 批 | |
Tainan | 批, 批信 | |
Taitung | 批 | |
Hsinchu | 批 | |
Kinmen | 批 | |
Penghu (Magong) | 批 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 批 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 批, 批信 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 批 | |
Longyan | 信 | |
Datian | 信 | |
Chaozhou | 信, 批 international incoming letters | |
Bangkok (Teochew) | 信, 家批 dated | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 信, 批 | |
Batam (Teochew) | 信 | |
Leizhou | 信 | |
Wenchang | 信 domestic, 批 international | |
Haikou | 信 | |
Singapore (Hainanese) | 信, 批 | |
Puxian Min | Putian | 批 |
Xianyou | 批 | |
Fuding (Aoyao) | 批 | |
Min Zhong | Yong'an | 信 |
Shaxian | 信 | |
Zhongshan Min | Shaxi (Longdu) | 信 |
Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 信 |
Wu | Shanghai | 信 |
Shanghai (Chongming) | 信 | |
Suzhou | 信 | |
Danyang | 信 | |
Ningbo | 信 | |
Wenzhou | 信 | |
Jinhua | 信 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 信 |
Loudi | 信 | |
Shuangfeng | 信 |
- (information):
- (evidence):
Compounds
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Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: shēn
- Zhuyin: ㄕㄣ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shen
- Wade–Giles: shên1
- Yale: shēn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shen
- Palladius: шэнь (šɛnʹ)
- Sinological IPA : /ʂən⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: san1
- Yale: sān
- Cantonese Pinyin: san1
- Guangdong Romanization: sen1
- Sinological IPA : /sɐn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
Definitions
信
信 - Japanese
Kanji
(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)
Readings
Compounds
- 信愛
- 信越
- 信管
- 信疑
- 信義 (shingi): faith
- 信教
- 信仰 (shinkō): belief, faith; to have faith in a religion, profess faith in
- 信金
- 信経
- 信玄袋
- 信号 (shingō): a signal; traffic lights
- 信士
- 信実 (shinjitsu): sincerity, honesty, truth, faithfulness
- 信者 (shinja): a believer
- 信受
- 信書
- 信女
- 信証
- 信賞必罰
- 信条
- 信心 (shinjin)
- 信託 (shintaku): a trust, an entrustment; leaving things up to a trusted party; to set up a financial trust; to leave in trust
- 信天翁 (shinten'ō)
- 信徒 (shinto): one who believes in a religion; a believer
- 信任 (shinnin): trust, confidence, credence; to trust, confide
- 信認
- 信念
- 信販
- 信伏, 信服, 信腹
- 信奉 (shinpō): belief, faith
- 信望
- 信約
- 信用 (shin'yō): confidence, trust
- 信頼 (shinrai): reliance, trust, confidence
- 信憑 (shinpyō)
Noun
信 • (shin)
- trust, faith
- 信を置く、信を得る
- shin o oku, shin o eru
- to put one's trust (in something), to gain someone's trust
- 信を置く、信を得る