sa
sa - Translingual
Symbol
sa
- (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Sanskrit.
sa - Abau
Noun
sa
sa - Acehnese
Numeral
sa
sa - Ainu
Noun
sa (Kana spelling サ)
sa - Albanian
Pronoun
sa
Derived terms
sa - Ama
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sa/
Noun
sa
sa - Atong (India)
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sʰa/
Numeral
sa (Bengali script সা)
Synonyms
sa - Bahnar
Pronunciation
- IPA: /saː/
Verb
sa
- to eat
sa - Balinese
Numeral
sa
sa - Banjarese
Numeral
sa
Derived terms
sa - Catalan
Pronunciation
- (Balearic, Central, Valencian) IPA: /ˈsa/
- Homophone: ça
Adjective
sa (feminine sana, masculine plural sans, feminine plural sanes)
Derived terms
Related terms
- insà
- malsà
- sanitat
Article
sa f
- (Balearics) nominative feminine singular of es
sa - Drung
Noun
sa
sa - Duriankere
Noun
sa
sa - Duun
Noun
sa
sa - Eastern Cham
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- IPA: /saː/
Numeral
sa
sa - Estonian
Alternative forms
- Sa (optional capitalization)
Pronoun
sa - Finnish
Pronunciation
- IPA: /ˈsɑ/, [ˈs̠ɑ̝]
- Syllabification: sa
Pronoun
sa
Synonyms
Anagrams
sa - French
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sa/
Determiner
sa f sg
- (possessive) his, her, its, their, one's
- Emma est allée chez sa sœur.
- Emma went to her sister's house.
- Pierre a perdu sa carte d'identité.
- Pierre has lost his identity card.
- Sa voiture est blanche.
- Their car is white.
Related terms
Possessee | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
Masculine | Feminine | |||||
Possessor | Singular | First person | mon1 | ma | mes | |
Second person | ton1 | ta | tes | |||
Third person | son1 | sa | ses | |||
Plural | First person | notre | nos | |||
Second person | votre2 | vos2 | ||||
Third person | leur | leurs |
- 1 Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.
- 2 Also used as the polite singular form.
Anagrams
sa - Futuna-Aniwa
Adjective
sa
sa - Galician
Pronunciation
- IPA: /ˈsa/
Noun
sa f (plural sas)
sa - Garo
Numeral
sa
sa - Gothic
Romanization
sa
- Romanization of 𐍃𐌰
sa - Guaraní
Numeral
sa
sa - Hadza
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sa/
Verb
sa
- to rain
Noun
sa
- the form of sako or its inflections after a determiner
sa - Haitian Creole
Verb
sa
- can, to be able to
Determiner
sa
Pronoun
sa
- (demonstrative) this
- (demonstrative) these
- (demonstrative) that
- (demonstrative) those
- (interrogative) what
- (relative) what
Derived terms
sa - Haroi
Numeral
sa
sa - Hausa
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sâː/
- (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA: [sâː]
Noun
sa - Higaonon
Preposition
sa
sa - Ido
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sa/
Determiner
sa
- (archaic) Alternative form of sua.
sa - Igbo
Pronunciation
- (inherent tone): IPA: /sá/
Verb
sá
sa - Indonesian
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sa/
Pronoun
sa
- (Papua) Synonym of saya
Numeral
sa
sa - Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sˠə/
Contraction
sa
- Contraction of i + an.
- Tá an fear sa bhád. ― The man is in the boat
- Tá na páistí ag súgradh sa tsráid. ― The children are playing in the street.
- Táimid inár suí sa seomra (or) tseomra. ― We are sitting in the room.
Usage notes
This contraction is obligatory, i.e. *i an never appears uncontracted. Used before consonant sounds only; otherwise, san is used. Triggers:
- lenition of b, c, f, g, m, p and changes initial s to ts in Ulster varieties,
- lenition of b, c, g, m, p, changes initial s to ts, and triggers eclipsis of f in Munster varieties,
- eclipsis and changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns while not affecting s in masculine nouns in Connacht varieties,
- in An Caighdeán Oifigiúil causes lenition of b, c, f, g, m, p and changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns (An Córas Lárnach) or all nouns (Córas an tSéimhithe).
Often understood to be a contraction of ins an, but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while ins is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.
Related terms
Basic form | Contracted with | Copular forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
an (“the sg”) | na (“the pl”) | mo (“my”) | do (“your”) | a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) | ár (“our”) | ar (“which (past)”) | (before consonant) | (present/future before vowel) | (past/conditional before vowel) | |
de (“from”) | den | de na desna* | de mo dem* | de do ded*, det* | dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
do (“to, for”) | don | do na dosna* | do mo dom* | do do dod*, dot* | dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
faoi (“under, about”) | faoin | faoi na | faoi mo | faoi do | faoina | faoinár | faoinar | faoinarb | faoinarbh | |
i (“in”) | sa, san | sna | i mo im* | i do id*, it* | ina | inár | inar | inarb | inarbh | |
le (“with”) | leis an | leis na | le mo lem* | le do led*, let* | lena | lenár | lenar | lenarb | lenarbh | |
ó (“from, since”) | ón | ó na ósna* | ó mo óm* | ó do ód*, ót* | óna | ónár | ónar | ónarb | ónarbh | |
trí (“through”) | tríd an | trí na | trí mo | trí do | trína | trínár | trínar | trínarb | trínarbh | |
*Dialectal. |
sa - Italian
Alternative forms
- sà (misspelling)
Pronunciation
- IPA: /ˈsa‿|| ˈsa/
Verb
sa
- third-person singular present indicative of sapere
- Giovanni sa dov'è Laura. ― Giovanni knows where Laura is.
sa - Japanese
Romanization
sa
sa - Jarai
Numeral
sa
sa - Kabyle
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sa/
Numeral
sa (feminine sat)
sa - Kamakan
Alternative forms
- zan (Kamakan)
Noun
sa
- (Kotoxo) water
sa - Lhao Vo
Standard form
sa:
Noun
sa
sa - Ligurian
Verb
sa
- third-person singular present indicative of savéi
sa - Livonian
Alternative forms
Pronoun
sa
- you; second person pronoun, referring to the addressee
Declension
singular (ikšlug) | plural (pǟgiņlug) | |
---|---|---|
nominative (nominatīv) | sinā sa | tēg teg |
genitive (genitīv) | sin | täd |
partitive (partitīv) | sīnda | tēḑi |
dative (datīv) | sinnõn sin | täddõn tän |
instrumental (instrumentāl) | sinkõks | tädkõks |
illative (illatīv) | sinnõ sinnõz | tēži |
inessive (inesīv) | sinsõ | tēši |
elative (elatīv) | sinstõ | tēšti |
sa - Lower Sorbian
Preposition
sa
- Obsolete spelling of za
sa - Malay
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sə/
Numeral
sa
- (pre-1972) Obsolete spelling of se
Derived terms
sa - Maltese
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sa/
Preposition
sa
sa - Mandarin
Romanization
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 𠮿
sa
Usage notes
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
sa - Maranao
Noun
sa
sa - Masalit
Noun
sa
sa - Matal
Verb
sa
- to drink
- Kà uwana may azà à gi, kavàw à gi tatak may, nəlay akə̀s à gi, katə̀ɗàw gi iyaw gəsà, gəgà məlok gà, kakə̀sàw gi la ahàl səla. (Mata 25:35)
- For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink (lit: so I drank), I was a stranger and you welcomed me as a guest. (Matthew 25:35)
- Kəla uwabeyuwi uwana asà iyaw aŋa suwa uwanay, nəlay adàkəsay aya (Yuhana 4:13)
- Everyone who drinks of this water will be thirsty again.(John 4:13)
Verb
sa
- to come
- La kità Yuhana asà à waŋ, azùw aw, asà aw, ŋgaha azladza tagòɗ kà: 'Masla la masasəɗok mawisiga.' (Mata 11:18)
- For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, ‘He has a demon!’ (Matthew 11:18)
- La mavakay uwatà Yesu asà à uda la kay, ŋgaha ahàd adzà madzay la gay dərəv kà matapla tatak à azladza. (Matthew 13:1)
- On that day Jesus came out of the house and was sitting by the sea. (Matthew 13:1)
sa - Minangkabau
Numeral
sa
Synonyms
Derived terms
sa - Northern Roglai
Numeral
sa
sa - Norwegian Bokmål
Verb
sa
- simple past of si
sa - Norwegian Nynorsk
Verb
sa
- past tense of seia
sa - Ojibwe
Particle
sa
- emphasis marker
- Mii sa go ozhiitaawaad igo.
- They were getting ready.
sa - Old French
Determiner
sa f (masculine son, plural ses)
Descendants
- French: sa
sa - Old Frisian
Conjunction
sā
sa - Old Irish
Determiner
sa
- Alternative spelling of so
sa - Pali
Alternative forms
Pronoun
sa
Adjective
sa
- masculine nominative singular of ta (“that”)
Noun
sa
- vocative singular of san (“dog”)
sa - Palu'e
Numeral
sa
sa - Papiamentu
Alternative forms
- sabi (synonym)
Verb
sa
- to know
sa - Pawaia
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sá/, [sá]
Noun
sa
sa - Rade
Numeral
sa
sa - Rawang
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sɑ˧/
Verb
sa
- to wait.
Noun
sa
sa - Romani
Pronoun
sa
sa - Romanian
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sa/
Determiner
sa f
Pronoun
sa f (possessive pronouns)
sa - Sardinian
Alternative forms
- s' (apocopated, used before vowels)
Pronunciation
- IPA: /su/
Article
sa f (plural (Logudorese, Nuorese) sas or (Campidanese) is, masculine su)
- (Logudorese, Campidanese, Nuorese) the (feminine singular definite article)
sa - Scottish Gaelic
Alternative forms
Preposition
sa
- in the
- sa bhliadhna de dh'aois Chrìost ― in the year of our Lord, anno domini
Usage notes
- Triggers lenition.
- This form is used before nouns beginning with b, c, g, m or p; otherwise san is used instead.
- Often understood to be a contraction of anns a', but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while anns is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.
Related terms
sa - Serbo-Croatian
Preposition
sa (Cyrillic spelling са)
sa - Slovak
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sa/
Pronoun
sa
- replaces the accusative of any personal pronoun whenever the object, whether expressed or implied, is of the same person as the subject. Typically can be translated as the corresponding version of oneself:
- vidím sa v zrkadle ― I see myself in the mirror
- Koho vidíš v zrkadle? Seba. ― Whom do you see in the mirror? Myself.
- (reflexive) bound with certain verbs, similar to the Italian si. The pronoun is a part of the verb
- modliť sa ― to pray
Usage notes
- In regular sentences, it has to be on the 2nd position of the sentence.
- Modlím sa. ― I am praying.
- In sentences in the past tense, sa moves to the third position while the inflected form of the verb byť takes the 2nd position.
- Modlil som sa. ― I was praying.
- In hypothetical sentences, sa moves to the fourth position of the sentences with the inflected form of byť occupying the 3rd position and the pronoun by taking the 2nd position.
- Modlil by som sa, keby... ― I would pray, if ...
sa - South Slavey
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sà/
Noun
sa
Declension
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
1st person | sezaá | naxezaá |
2nd person | nezaá | |
3rd person1) | mezaá | gizaá |
3rd person2) | gozaá | |
4th person | yezaá | |
reflexive | ɂedezaá, dezaá | kedezaá |
reciprocal | — | ɂełezaá |
indefinite | ɂezaá | |
areal | gozaá | |
1) Used for a possessed object when the subject is third person human plural and object is singular. 2) Used when the previous condition doesn't apply. |
sa - Southern Ndebele
Verb
-sa?
- to take
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
sa - Sranan Tongo
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sa/
Particle
sa
- Verbal marker for modal aspect.
- Verbal marker for the future tense.
- Synonym: o
Noun
sa
- A saw (tool with a serrated blade, used for sawing).
sa - Sumerian
Romanization
sa
- Romanization of 𒊓 (sa)
sa - Swazi
Verb
-sá
- to dawn
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
sa - Swedish
Pronunciation
- IPA: /ˈsɑː/
Verb
sa
- (somewhat informal) past tense of säga.
Anagrams
sa - Tagalog
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sa/, [sɐ]
Preposition
sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)
- indirect object marker: to
- Binigay ko na ang lahat sa kaibigan ko. ― I already gave everything to my friend.
- used to refer to the location of something or some action: in; at; on (not used in a positive equational sentence)
- Sa Pilipinas ako ipinanganak. ― I was born in the Philippines.
- Wala siya sa opisina. ― He's not at the office.
- used to refer towards a location: to; toward
- Pupunta siya sa sinehan mamaya. ― He's going to the movies later.
- used to refer to accompaniment: with; together with; in company with
- Sumama si Juan sa tatay niya. ― Juan went with his father.
- used to refer to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)
- Sa Lunes kami uuwi. ― We're going home on Monday.
- used in comparisons: than
- Synonym: kaysa
- Mas mabilis ang eroplano sa kotse mo. ― The airplane is faster than your car.
- used to refer to a place of origin or where one comes from: from; of (usually with galing or tubo)
- Tubo siya sa Cebu. ― He is a native from Cebu.
- a prescribed point in time when something occurred: upon; on; at the time of
- Sa pagpasok niya sa bahay, tumunog ang telepono. ― Upon his entrance to the house, the telephone rang.
- used to refer to the cause: due to; from; of
- Namatay sila sa gutom. ― They died of hunger.
- used to refer to the basis: on the basis of; on
- Lumabas ang estudyante sa pahintulot ng guro. ― The student went out based on the permission from the teacher.
- used to refer to one's dependence on or use of: on; through the use of
- Nabuhay sila sa tubig at tinapay lamang. ― They lived only on water and bread.
- used in combination with other words to form more specific prepositional phrases
- sa pamamagitan ng ― by means of
- mula sa ― from
Usage notes
Derived terms
- ayon sa
- kaysa
- laban sa
- nasa
- para sa
- sa aba ko
- sa aba mo
- sa bagay
- sa kabila ng
- sa kabilang banda
- sa kabutihang palad
- sa kasamaang palad
- sa katunayan
- sa madaling sabi
- sa madaling salita
- sa may
- sa una
- sa wakas
Pronunciation
- IPA: /ˈsa/, [ˈsa]
Noun
sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)
- (obsolete) Alternative form of tsaa
Pronunciation
- IPA: /ˈsa/, [ˈsa]
Noun
sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)
sa - Tausug
Noun
sā
sa - Tunica
Noun
sa
sa - Turkish
Phrase
sa
- (Internet) Initialism of selamünaleyküm.
sa - Vietnamese
Pronunciation
- (Hà Nội) IPA: [saː˧˧]
- (Huế) IPA: [ʂaː˧˧]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA: [ʂaː˧˧] ~ [saː˧˧]
Noun
sa
Alternative forms
Verb
sa
sa - Welsh
Verb
sa (not mutable)
- (South Wales) first-person singular present negative colloquial of bod
- Sa i’n gwybod.
- I don’t know.
- (colloquial) Contraction of basai.
Usage notes
Unlike other negative verb forms, the present negative form—and so, which is used for all other persons—is not complemented by ddim after the subject.
sa - West Frisian
Conjunction
sa
sa - West Makian
Pronunciation
- IPA: /s̪a/
Verb
sa
Conjugation
Conjugation of sa (stative verb) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||
inclusive | exclusive | |||
1st person | tisa | misa | asa | |
2nd person | nisa | fisa | ||
3rd person | inanimate | isa | disa | |
animate | masa | |||
imperative | —, sa | —, sa |
sa - Western Cham
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sa/
Numeral
sa
sa - Xaragure
Verb
sa
sa - Xhosa
Verb
-sa?
- to take
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Pronunciation
- IPA: [sâː]
Ideophone
sâ
- Signifies scattering.
sa - Yámana
Pronoun
sa
sa - Zhuang
Pronunciation
- (Standard Zhuang) IPA: /θa˨˦/
- Tone numbers: sa1
- Hyphenation: sa
Noun
sa (Sawndip form 砟, 1957–1982 spelling sa)
Adjective
sa (1957–1982 spelling sa)
sa - Zou
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sà/
- Hyphenation: sa
Adjective
sa
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sǎ/
- Hyphenation: sa
Noun
sá
Derived terms
Pronunciation
- IPA: /sâ/
- Hyphenation: sa
Adjective
sà
sa - Zulu
Verb
-sá
- (intransitive) to dawn
Inflection
Tone H | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukusa | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukusa | ukungasi | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | yisa | -se | |||||||
Plural | yisani | -seni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyasa, ngisa | engisayo, engisa | ngisa | angisi | engingasi | ngingasi | |||
2nd singular | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | usa | awusi | ongasi | ungasi | |||
1st plural | siyasa, sisa | esisayo, esisa | sisa | asisi | esingasi | singasi | |||
2nd plural | niyasa, nisa | enisayo, enisa | nisa | anisi | eningasi | ningasi | |||
Class 1 | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | esa | akasi | ongasi | engasi | |||
Class 2 | bayasa, basa | abasayo, abasa | besa | abasi | abangasi | bengasi | |||
Class 3 | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | usa | awusi | ongasi | ungasi | |||
Class 4 | iyasa, isa | esayo, esa | isa | ayisi | engasi | ingasi | |||
Class 5 | liyasa, lisa | elisayo, elisa | lisa | alisi | elingasi | lingasi | |||
Class 6 | ayasa, asa | asayo, asa | esa | awasi | angasi | engasi | |||
Class 7 | siyasa, sisa | esisayo, esisa | sisa | asisi | esingasi | singasi | |||
Class 8 | ziyasa, zisa | ezisayo, ezisa | zisa | azisi | ezingasi | zingasi | |||
Class 9 | iyasa, isa | esayo, esa | isa | ayisi | engasi | ingasi | |||
Class 10 | ziyasa, zisa | ezisayo, ezisa | zisa | azisi | ezingasi | zingasi | |||
Class 11 | luyasa, lusa | olusayo, olusa | lusa | alusi | olungasi | lungasi | |||
Class 14 | buyasa, busa | obusayo, obusa | busa | abusi | obungasi | bungasi | |||
Class 15 | kuyasa, kusa | okusayo, okusa | kusa | akusi | okungasi | kungasi | |||
Class 17 | kuyasa, kusa | okusayo, okusa | kusa | akusi | okungasi | kungasi | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngisile, ngisē | engisile, engisē | ngisile, ngisē | angisanga | engingasanga | ngingasanga | |||
2nd singular | usile, usē | osile, osē | usile, usē | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
1st plural | sisile, sisē | esisile, esisē | sisile, sisē | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
2nd plural | nisile, nisē | enisile, enisē | nisile, nisē | anisanga | eningasanga | ningasanga | |||
Class 1 | usile, usē | osile, osē | esile, esē | akasanga | ongasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 2 | basile, basē | abasile, abasē | besile, besē | abasanga | abangasanga | bengasanga | |||
Class 3 | usile, usē | osile, osē | usile, usē | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
Class 4 | isile, isē | esile, esē | isile, isē | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 5 | lisile, lisē | elisile, elisē | lisile, lisē | alisanga | elingasanga | lingasanga | |||
Class 6 | asile, asē | asile, asē | esile, esē | awasanga | angasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 7 | sisile, sisē | esisile, esisē | sisile, sisē | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
Class 8 | zisile, zisē | ezisile, ezisē | zisile, zisē | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 9 | isile, isē | esile, esē | isile, isē | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 10 | zisile, zisē | ezisile, ezisē | zisile, zisē | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 11 | lusile, lusē | olusile, olusē | lusile, lusē | alusanga | olungasanga | lungasanga | |||
Class 14 | busile, busē | obusile, obusē | busile, busē | abusanga | obungasanga | bungasanga | |||
Class 15 | kusile, kusē | okusile, okusē | kusile, kusē | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Class 17 | kusile, kusē | okusile, okusē | kusile, kusē | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāsa | engāsa | ngāsa | angisanga | engingasanga | ngingasanga | |||
2nd singular | wāsa | owāsa | wāsa | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
1st plural | sāsa | esāsa | sāsa | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
2nd plural | nāsa | enāsa | nāsa | anisanga | eningasanga | ningasanga | |||
Class 1 | wāsa | owāsa | āsa | akasanga | ongasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 2 | bāsa | abāsa | bāsa | abasanga | abangasanga | bengasanga | |||
Class 3 | wāsa | owāsa | wāsa | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
Class 4 | yāsa | eyāsa | yāsa | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 5 | lāsa | elāsa | lāsa | alisanga | elingasanga | lingasanga | |||
Class 6 | āsa | āsa | āsa | awasanga | angasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 7 | sāsa | esāsa | sāsa | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
Class 8 | zāsa | ezāsa | zāsa | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 9 | yāsa | eyāsa | yāsa | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 10 | zāsa | ezāsa | zāsa | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 11 | lwāsa | olwāsa | lwāsa | alusanga | olungasanga | lungasanga | |||
Class 14 | bāsa | obāsa | bāsa | abusanga | obungasanga | bungasanga | |||
Class 15 | kwāsa | okwāsa | kwāsa | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Class 17 | kwāsa | okwāsa | kwāsa | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingasa | — | ngingasa | ngingese | — | ngingese | |||
2nd singular | ungasa | — | ungasa | ungese | — | ungese | |||
1st plural | singasa | — | singasa | singese | — | singese | |||
2nd plural | ningasa | — | ningasa | ningese | — | ningese | |||
Class 1 | angasa | — | engasa | angese | — | engese | |||
Class 2 | bangasa | — | bengasa | bangese | — | bengese | |||
Class 3 | ungasa | — | ungasa | ungese | — | ungese | |||
Class 4 | ingasa | — | ingasa | ingese | — | ingese | |||
Class 5 | lingasa | — | lingasa | lingese | — | lingese | |||
Class 6 | angasa | — | engasa | angese | — | engese | |||
Class 7 | singasa | — | singasa | singese | — | singese | |||
Class 8 | zingasa | — | zingasa | zingese | — | zingese | |||
Class 9 | ingasa | — | ingasa | ingese | — | ingese | |||
Class 10 | zingasa | — | zingasa | zingese | — | zingese | |||
Class 11 | lungasa | — | lungasa | lungese | — | lungese | |||
Class 14 | bungasa | — | bungasa | bungese | — | bungese | |||
Class 15 | kungasa | — | kungasa | kungese | — | kungese | |||
Class 17 | kungasa | — | kungasa | kungese | — | kungese | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizokusa | engizokusa | ngizokusa | angizukusa | engingezukusa | ngingezukusa | |||
2nd singular | uzokusa | ozokusa | uzokusa | awuzukusa | ongezukusa | ungezukusa | |||
1st plural | sizokusa | esizokusa | sizokusa | asizukusa | esingezukusa | singezukusa | |||
2nd plural | nizokusa | enizokusa | nizokusa | anizukusa | eningezukusa | ningezukusa | |||
Class 1 | uzokusa | ozokusa | ezokusa | akazukusa | ongezukusa | engezukusa | |||
Class 2 | bazokusa | abazokusa | bezokusa | abazukusa | abangezukusa | bengezukusa | |||
Class 3 | uzokusa | ozokusa | uzokusa | awuzukusa | ongezukusa | ungezukusa | |||
Class 4 | izokusa | ezokusa | izokusa | ayizukusa | engezukusa | ingezukusa | |||
Class 5 | lizokusa | elizokusa | lizokusa | alizukusa | elingezukusa | lingezukusa | |||
Class 6 | azokusa | azokusa | ezokusa | awazukusa | angezukusa | engezukusa | |||
Class 7 | sizokusa | esizokusa | sizokusa | asizukusa | esingezukusa | singezukusa | |||
Class 8 | zizokusa | ezizokusa | zizokusa | azizukusa | ezingezukusa | zingezukusa | |||
Class 9 | izokusa | ezokusa | izokusa | ayizukusa | engezukusa | ingezukusa | |||
Class 10 | zizokusa | ezizokusa | zizokusa | azizukusa | ezingezukusa | zingezukusa | |||
Class 11 | luzokusa | oluzokusa | luzokusa | aluzukusa | olungezukusa | lungezukusa | |||
Class 14 | buzokusa | obuzokusa | buzokusa | abuzukusa | obungezukusa | bungezukusa | |||
Class 15 | kuzokusa | okuzokusa | kuzokusa | akuzukusa | okungezukusa | kungezukusa | |||
Class 17 | kuzokusa | okuzokusa | kuzokusa | akuzukusa | okungezukusa | kungezukusa | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyokusa | engiyokusa | ngiyokusa | angiyukusa | engingeyukusa | ngingeyukusa | |||
2nd singular | uyokusa | oyokusa | uyokusa | awuyukusa | ongeyukusa | ungeyukusa | |||
1st plural | siyokusa | esiyokusa | siyokusa | asiyukusa | esingeyukusa | singeyukusa | |||
2nd plural | niyokusa | eniyokusa | niyokusa | aniyukusa | eningeyukusa | ningeyukusa | |||
Class 1 | uyokusa | oyokusa | eyokusa | akayukusa | ongeyukusa | engeyukusa | |||
Class 2 | bayokusa | abayokusa | beyokusa | abayukusa | abangeyukusa | bengeyukusa | |||
Class 3 | uyokusa | oyokusa | uyokusa | awuyukusa | ongeyukusa | ungeyukusa | |||
Class 4 | iyokusa | eyokusa | iyokusa | ayiyukusa | engeyukusa | ingeyukusa | |||
Class 5 | liyokusa | eliyokusa | liyokusa | aliyukusa | elingeyukusa | lingeyukusa | |||
Class 6 | ayokusa | ayokusa | eyokusa | awayukusa | angeyukusa | engeyukusa | |||
Class 7 | siyokusa | esiyokusa | siyokusa | asiyukusa | esingeyukusa | singeyukusa | |||
Class 8 | ziyokusa | eziyokusa | ziyokusa | aziyukusa | ezingeyukusa | zingeyukusa | |||
Class 9 | iyokusa | eyokusa | iyokusa | ayiyukusa | engeyukusa | ingeyukusa | |||
Class 10 | ziyokusa | eziyokusa | ziyokusa | aziyukusa | ezingeyukusa | zingeyukusa | |||
Class 11 | luyokusa | oluyokusa | luyokusa | aluyukusa | olungeyukusa | lungeyukusa | |||
Class 14 | buyokusa | obuyokusa | buyokusa | abuyukusa | obungeyukusa | bungeyukusa | |||
Class 15 | kuyokusa | okuyokusa | kuyokusa | akuyukusa | okungeyukusa | kungeyukusa | |||
Class 17 | kuyokusa | okuyokusa | kuyokusa | akuyukusa | okungeyukusa | kungeyukusa | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngise | ngingasi | |||||||
2nd singular | use | ungasi | |||||||
1st plural | sise | singasi | |||||||
2nd plural | nise | ningasi | |||||||
Class 1 | ase | angasi | |||||||
Class 2 | base | bangasi | |||||||
Class 3 | use | ungasi | |||||||
Class 4 | ise | ingasi | |||||||
Class 5 | lise | lingasi | |||||||
Class 6 | ase | angasi | |||||||
Class 7 | sise | singasi | |||||||
Class 8 | zise | zingasi | |||||||
Class 9 | ise | ingasi | |||||||
Class 10 | zise | zingasi | |||||||
Class 11 | luse | lungasi | |||||||
Class 14 | buse | bungasi | |||||||
Class 15 | kuse | kungasi | |||||||
Class 17 | kuse | kungasi | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngasa | ngangasa, angasa, angangasa | |||||||
2nd singular | wasa | wangasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
1st plural | sasa | sangasa, asasa, asangasa | |||||||
2nd plural | nasa | nangasa, anasa, anangasa | |||||||
Class 1 | wasa | wangasa, akasa, akangasa | |||||||
Class 2 | basa | bangasa, abasa, abangasa | |||||||
Class 3 | wasa | wangasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
Class 4 | yasa | yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa | |||||||
Class 5 | lasa | langasa, alasa, alangasa | |||||||
Class 6 | asa | angasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
Class 7 | sasa | sangasa, asasa, asangasa | |||||||
Class 8 | zasa | zangasa, azasa, azangasa | |||||||
Class 9 | yasa | yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa | |||||||
Class 10 | zasa | zangasa, azasa, azangasa | |||||||
Class 11 | lwasa | lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa | |||||||
Class 14 | basa | bangasa, abasa, abangasa | |||||||
Class 15 | kwasa | kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa | |||||||
Class 17 | kwasa | kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa |
Verb
-sa
Inflection
Tone L | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukusa | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukusa | ukungasi | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | yisa | -se | |||||||
Plural | yisani | -seni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyasa, ngisa | engisayo, engisa | ngisa | angisi | engingasi | ngingasi | |||
2nd singular | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | usa | awusi | ongasi | ungasi | |||
1st plural | siyasa, sisa | esisayo, esisa | sisa | asisi | esingasi | singasi | |||
2nd plural | niyasa, nisa | enisayo, enisa | nisa | anisi | eningasi | ningasi | |||
Class 1 | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | esa | akasi | ongasi | engasi | |||
Class 2 | bayasa, basa | abasayo, abasa | besa | abasi | abangasi | bengasi | |||
Class 3 | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | usa | awusi | ongasi | ungasi | |||
Class 4 | iyasa, isa | esayo, esa | isa | ayisi | engasi | ingasi | |||
Class 5 | liyasa, lisa | elisayo, elisa | lisa | alisi | elingasi | lingasi | |||
Class 6 | ayasa, asa | asayo, asa | esa | awasi | angasi | engasi | |||
Class 7 | siyasa, sisa | esisayo, esisa | sisa | asisi | esingasi | singasi | |||
Class 8 | ziyasa, zisa | ezisayo, ezisa | zisa | azisi | ezingasi | zingasi | |||
Class 9 | iyasa, isa | esayo, esa | isa | ayisi | engasi | ingasi | |||
Class 10 | ziyasa, zisa | ezisayo, ezisa | zisa | azisi | ezingasi | zingasi | |||
Class 11 | luyasa, lusa | olusayo, olusa | lusa | alusi | olungasi | lungasi | |||
Class 14 | buyasa, busa | obusayo, obusa | busa | abusi | obungasi | bungasi | |||
Class 15 | kuyasa, kusa | okusayo, okusa | kusa | akusi | okungasi | kungasi | |||
Class 17 | kuyasa, kusa | okusayo, okusa | kusa | akusi | okungasi | kungasi | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngisile, ngisē | engisile, engisē | ngisile, ngisē | angisanga | engingasanga | ngingasanga | |||
2nd singular | usile, usē | osile, osē | usile, usē | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
1st plural | sisile, sisē | esisile, esisē | sisile, sisē | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
2nd plural | nisile, nisē | enisile, enisē | nisile, nisē | anisanga | eningasanga | ningasanga | |||
Class 1 | usile, usē | osile, osē | esile, esē | akasanga | ongasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 2 | basile, basē | abasile, abasē | besile, besē | abasanga | abangasanga | bengasanga | |||
Class 3 | usile, usē | osile, osē | usile, usē | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
Class 4 | isile, isē | esile, esē | isile, isē | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 5 | lisile, lisē | elisile, elisē | lisile, lisē | alisanga | elingasanga | lingasanga | |||
Class 6 | asile, asē | asile, asē | esile, esē | awasanga | angasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 7 | sisile, sisē | esisile, esisē | sisile, sisē | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
Class 8 | zisile, zisē | ezisile, ezisē | zisile, zisē | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 9 | isile, isē | esile, esē | isile, isē | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 10 | zisile, zisē | ezisile, ezisē | zisile, zisē | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 11 | lusile, lusē | olusile, olusē | lusile, lusē | alusanga | olungasanga | lungasanga | |||
Class 14 | busile, busē | obusile, obusē | busile, busē | abusanga | obungasanga | bungasanga | |||
Class 15 | kusile, kusē | okusile, okusē | kusile, kusē | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Class 17 | kusile, kusē | okusile, okusē | kusile, kusē | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāsa | engāsa | ngāsa | angisanga | engingasanga | ngingasanga | |||
2nd singular | wāsa | owāsa | wāsa | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
1st plural | sāsa | esāsa | sāsa | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
2nd plural | nāsa | enāsa | nāsa | anisanga | eningasanga | ningasanga | |||
Class 1 | wāsa | owāsa | āsa | akasanga | ongasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 2 | bāsa | abāsa | bāsa | abasanga | abangasanga | bengasanga | |||
Class 3 | wāsa | owāsa | wāsa | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
Class 4 | yāsa | eyāsa | yāsa | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 5 | lāsa | elāsa | lāsa | alisanga | elingasanga | lingasanga | |||
Class 6 | āsa | āsa | āsa | awasanga | angasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 7 | sāsa | esāsa | sāsa | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
Class 8 | zāsa | ezāsa | zāsa | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 9 | yāsa | eyāsa | yāsa | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 10 | zāsa | ezāsa | zāsa | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 11 | lwāsa | olwāsa | lwāsa | alusanga | olungasanga | lungasanga | |||
Class 14 | bāsa | obāsa | bāsa | abusanga | obungasanga | bungasanga | |||
Class 15 | kwāsa | okwāsa | kwāsa | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Class 17 | kwāsa | okwāsa | kwāsa | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingasa | — | ngingasa | ngingese | — | ngingese | |||
2nd singular | ungasa | — | ungasa | ungese | — | ungese | |||
1st plural | singasa | — | singasa | singese | — | singese | |||
2nd plural | ningasa | — | ningasa | ningese | — | ningese | |||
Class 1 | angasa | — | engasa | angese | — | engese | |||
Class 2 | bangasa | — | bengasa | bangese | — | bengese | |||
Class 3 | ungasa | — | ungasa | ungese | — | ungese | |||
Class 4 | ingasa | — | ingasa | ingese | — | ingese | |||
Class 5 | lingasa | — | lingasa | lingese | — | lingese | |||
Class 6 | angasa | — | engasa | angese | — | engese | |||
Class 7 | singasa | — | singasa | singese | — | singese | |||
Class 8 | zingasa | — | zingasa | zingese | — | zingese | |||
Class 9 | ingasa | — | ingasa | ingese | — | ingese | |||
Class 10 | zingasa | — | zingasa | zingese | — | zingese | |||
Class 11 | lungasa | — | lungasa | lungese | — | lungese | |||
Class 14 | bungasa | — | bungasa | bungese | — | bungese | |||
Class 15 | kungasa | — | kungasa | kungese | — | kungese | |||
Class 17 | kungasa | — | kungasa | kungese | — | kungese | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizokusa | engizokusa | ngizokusa | angizukusa | engingezukusa | ngingezukusa | |||
2nd singular | uzokusa | ozokusa | uzokusa | awuzukusa | ongezukusa | ungezukusa | |||
1st plural | sizokusa | esizokusa | sizokusa | asizukusa | esingezukusa | singezukusa | |||
2nd plural | nizokusa | enizokusa | nizokusa | anizukusa | eningezukusa | ningezukusa | |||
Class 1 | uzokusa | ozokusa | ezokusa | akazukusa | ongezukusa | engezukusa | |||
Class 2 | bazokusa | abazokusa | bezokusa | abazukusa | abangezukusa | bengezukusa | |||
Class 3 | uzokusa | ozokusa | uzokusa | awuzukusa | ongezukusa | ungezukusa | |||
Class 4 | izokusa | ezokusa | izokusa | ayizukusa | engezukusa | ingezukusa | |||
Class 5 | lizokusa | elizokusa | lizokusa | alizukusa | elingezukusa | lingezukusa | |||
Class 6 | azokusa | azokusa | ezokusa | awazukusa | angezukusa | engezukusa | |||
Class 7 | sizokusa | esizokusa | sizokusa | asizukusa | esingezukusa | singezukusa | |||
Class 8 | zizokusa | ezizokusa | zizokusa | azizukusa | ezingezukusa | zingezukusa | |||
Class 9 | izokusa | ezokusa | izokusa | ayizukusa | engezukusa | ingezukusa | |||
Class 10 | zizokusa | ezizokusa | zizokusa | azizukusa | ezingezukusa | zingezukusa | |||
Class 11 | luzokusa | oluzokusa | luzokusa | aluzukusa | olungezukusa | lungezukusa | |||
Class 14 | buzokusa | obuzokusa | buzokusa | abuzukusa | obungezukusa | bungezukusa | |||
Class 15 | kuzokusa | okuzokusa | kuzokusa | akuzukusa | okungezukusa | kungezukusa | |||
Class 17 | kuzokusa | okuzokusa | kuzokusa | akuzukusa | okungezukusa | kungezukusa | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyokusa | engiyokusa | ngiyokusa | angiyukusa | engingeyukusa | ngingeyukusa | |||
2nd singular | uyokusa | oyokusa | uyokusa | awuyukusa | ongeyukusa | ungeyukusa | |||
1st plural | siyokusa | esiyokusa | siyokusa | asiyukusa | esingeyukusa | singeyukusa | |||
2nd plural | niyokusa | eniyokusa | niyokusa | aniyukusa | eningeyukusa | ningeyukusa | |||
Class 1 | uyokusa | oyokusa | eyokusa | akayukusa | ongeyukusa | engeyukusa | |||
Class 2 | bayokusa | abayokusa | beyokusa | abayukusa | abangeyukusa | bengeyukusa | |||
Class 3 | uyokusa | oyokusa | uyokusa | awuyukusa | ongeyukusa | ungeyukusa | |||
Class 4 | iyokusa | eyokusa | iyokusa | ayiyukusa | engeyukusa | ingeyukusa | |||
Class 5 | liyokusa | eliyokusa | liyokusa | aliyukusa | elingeyukusa | lingeyukusa | |||
Class 6 | ayokusa | ayokusa | eyokusa | awayukusa | angeyukusa | engeyukusa | |||
Class 7 | siyokusa | esiyokusa | siyokusa | asiyukusa | esingeyukusa | singeyukusa | |||
Class 8 | ziyokusa | eziyokusa | ziyokusa | aziyukusa | ezingeyukusa | zingeyukusa | |||
Class 9 | iyokusa | eyokusa | iyokusa | ayiyukusa | engeyukusa | ingeyukusa | |||
Class 10 | ziyokusa | eziyokusa | ziyokusa | aziyukusa | ezingeyukusa | zingeyukusa | |||
Class 11 | luyokusa | oluyokusa | luyokusa | aluyukusa | olungeyukusa | lungeyukusa | |||
Class 14 | buyokusa | obuyokusa | buyokusa | abuyukusa | obungeyukusa | bungeyukusa | |||
Class 15 | kuyokusa | okuyokusa | kuyokusa | akuyukusa | okungeyukusa | kungeyukusa | |||
Class 17 | kuyokusa | okuyokusa | kuyokusa | akuyukusa | okungeyukusa | kungeyukusa | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngise | ngingasi | |||||||
2nd singular | use | ungasi | |||||||
1st plural | sise | singasi | |||||||
2nd plural | nise | ningasi | |||||||
Class 1 | ase | angasi | |||||||
Class 2 | base | bangasi | |||||||
Class 3 | use | ungasi | |||||||
Class 4 | ise | ingasi | |||||||
Class 5 | lise | lingasi | |||||||
Class 6 | ase | angasi | |||||||
Class 7 | sise | singasi | |||||||
Class 8 | zise | zingasi | |||||||
Class 9 | ise | ingasi | |||||||
Class 10 | zise | zingasi | |||||||
Class 11 | luse | lungasi | |||||||
Class 14 | buse | bungasi | |||||||
Class 15 | kuse | kungasi | |||||||
Class 17 | kuse | kungasi | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngasa | ngangasa, angasa, angangasa | |||||||
2nd singular | wasa | wangasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
1st plural | sasa | sangasa, asasa, asangasa | |||||||
2nd plural | nasa | nangasa, anasa, anangasa | |||||||
Class 1 | wasa | wangasa, akasa, akangasa | |||||||
Class 2 | basa | bangasa, abasa, abangasa | |||||||
Class 3 | wasa | wangasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
Class 4 | yasa | yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa | |||||||
Class 5 | lasa | langasa, alasa, alangasa | |||||||
Class 6 | asa | angasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
Class 7 | sasa | sangasa, asasa, asangasa | |||||||
Class 8 | zasa | zangasa, azasa, azangasa | |||||||
Class 9 | yasa | yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa | |||||||
Class 10 | zasa | zangasa, azasa, azangasa | |||||||
Class 11 | lwasa | lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa | |||||||
Class 14 | basa | bangasa, abasa, abangasa | |||||||
Class 15 | kwasa | kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa | |||||||
Class 17 | kwasa | kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa |