du
du - Abinomn
Noun
du
du - Aiwoo
Determiner
du
du - Alemannic German
Pronunciation
- IPA: /du/
Pronoun
du
Declension
nominative | accusative | dative | possessive m | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ich, i | mich, mi | mir, mier, mer | min, miin | |
2nd person singular | familiar | du | dich, di | dir, dier, der | din, diin |
polite | Si | Ine, Ene, -ne | Ire | ||
3rd person singular | m | er | in, en | im | sin, siin |
f | si | ire | |||
n | es, 's, -s | im | sin, siin | ||
1st person plural | mir, mer | üs, öis, ois, eus | üse, öise, oise, euse | ||
2nd person plural | ir, ier | öi, eu | öie, eure | ||
3rd person plural | si | ine, ene, -ne | ire |
du - Amanab
Noun
du
- a kind of bird
du - Bambara
Pronunciation
- IPA: [dúù]
Noun
du
du - Basque
Pronunciation
- IPA: /du/, [d̪u]
Verb
du
- Third-person singular (hark), taking third-person singular (hura) as direct object, present indicative form of izan.
Usage notes
Linguistically, this verb form can be seen as belonging to the reconstructed citation form edun instead of izan.
du - Bavarian
Pronoun
du
- you (nominative, singular)
du - Breton
Pronunciation
- IPA: /ˈdyː/
Adjective
du
Mutation
Derived terms
Noun
du m
Mutation
Verb
du
- third-person singular present indicative of duañ
Mutation
du - Burushaski
Pronunciation
- IPA: [d̪u]
Noun
du (plural duwants)
du - Cimbrian
Pronoun
du
- (Luserna, Sette Comuni) you (thou, singular familiar)
- Bobrall du geast, gedenkhte ber du pist. ― Wherever you go, remember who you are.
Inflection
Sette Comuni:
nominative | accusative | dative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ich | mich | miar | |
2nd person singular | familiar | du | dich | diar |
polite | iart | ach | òich | |
3rd person singular | m | èar, ar | in, en | iime |
f | zi, ze | iar | ||
n | es, is | es, 's | iime | |
1st person plural | bar, bandare | zich | izàndarn | |
2nd person plural | iart, iartàndare, artàndare | òich, ach | ogàndarn | |
3rd person plural | ze, zòi, zandare | zich | innàndarn |
Luserna:
Personal pronouns | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
1st person | i | biar |
2nd person | du | iar |
3rd person | er, si, 'z | se |
du - Cornish
Pronunciation
- (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA: [dyː]
- (Revived Late Cornish) IPA: [diˑʊ]
Adjective
du
Mutation
du - Danish
Pronunciation
- IPA: [ˈd̥u], [d̥u]
Pronoun
du (objective dig)
Pronunciation
- IPA: [ˈd̥uːˀ]
Verb
du (imperative du, present dur or duer, past duede, past participle duet)
Conjugation
du - Dena'ina
Particle
du
- interrogative particle (placed at the end of the sentence to make a question)
du - Dutch
Alternative forms
- dou (obsolete, Hollandic)
Pronunciation
- IPA: /dy/
- Hyphenation: du
Pronoun
du
- (obsolete or dialectal) Second-person singular informal pronoun; thou
Usage notes
- Du was already falling out of general use in early modern Dutch. It was still relatively common in the oblique cases, in vocatives or close to vocative appositions and when indicating contempt.
- The corresponding verbal ending was -st. The present form of zijn was bist, for hebben the present forms hebst and hest were in use. When the nominative directly followed the verb, contraction usually occurred: -stu; bistu, hebstu.
Inflection
du - Elfdalian
Pronoun
du
du - Esperanto
Pronunciation
- IPA: /du/
Numeral
du
Derived terms
du - Fala
Alternative forms
- do (Mañegu)
Contraction
du - French
Pronunciation
Contraction
du
- Contraction of de + le (“of the”)
- « Eussent » est la troisième personne du pluriel de l'imparfait du subjonctif de « avoir ».
- "Eussent" is the third-person plural imperfect subjunctive [form] of "avoir."
Usage notes
- Only used before nouns (or nominalized forms of other parts of speech, most often adjectives) that begin with consonants; before vowel-initial words, the form de l' is used, e.g., as seen above, de l'imparfait.
Related terms
Article
du m sg (feminine singular de la, plural des)
- Forms the partitive article.
- Il mange du pain. ― He eats bread. / He eats some bread.
Usage notes
- The partitive article is used with uncountable nouns instead of the indefinite article (which is only used with countable nouns). English and most other European languages do not use any article in such cases.
- Like the indefinite article, the partitive article becomes simple de with grammatical objects in negated sentences: Il ne mange pas de pain. (“He doesn't eat bread.”)
- After the actual preposition de (“of, from”), the partitive article is deleted. So one can never say *de du or *de de la.
du - Gaikundi
Noun
du
du - German
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- (stressed) IPA: /duː/
- (unstressed, standard) IPA: /du/
- (unstressed, colloquial) IPA: /də/
- After the second person singular verb ending -st, the /d/ is generally lost when the pronoun is unstressed. Thus hast du is pronounced [ˈhast‿u] even in purposefully enunciated speech.
- In colloquial speech, chiefly of northern and central Germany, the /d/ can be lost after any preceding coronal. Thus wenn du may be pronounced [ˈvɛn‿u] or [ˈvɛn‿ə].
Pronoun
du
Usage notes
- Du is the informal second person pronoun. In formal speech, the third person plural Sie (always capitalised) is used instead.
- A general rule of thumb is that du is used to address one's friends, relatives, and those under about 16 years of age. Du is always used to address children and non-human beings.
- Usage also depends on the setting: two unacquainted, middle-aged persons are likely to use du when they meet at social gatherings, but much less so when they happen on each other in the street. People under 30 often use du among each other, but they still use Sie when one of them is at work, e.g. in a shop (some cafés and most pubs are an exception).
- There is also a great deal of (often subtle) regional variation throughout the German-speaking world.
Declension
singular | plural | singular and plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person familiar1 | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person familiar1 | 3rd person | 2nd person polite/formal | |||
m | f | n | |||||||
nominative | ich | du -e2 | er | sie -se2 | es | wir mir3 | ihr | sie -se2 | Sie Ihr4 |
genitive | meiner mein4 | deiner dein4 | seiner sein4 | ihrer | seiner sein4 | unser | euer | ihrer | Ihrer Euer4 |
dative | mir | dir | ihm | ihr | ihm | uns | euch | ihnen | Ihnen Euch4 |
accusative | mich | dich | ihn | sie -se2 | es | sie -se2 | Sie Euch4 |
1These forms are sometimes capitalized, especially in letters. 2enclitic, colloquial 3dialectal 4archaic
Derived terms
du - Gothic
Romanization
du
- Romanization of 𐌳𐌿
du - Gun
Alternative forms
- ɖù (Benin)
Pronunciation
- IPA: /ɖù/
Verb
dù (Nigeria)
- to eat
- to bite
- Àgọ̀sú hò àvún dàhó dé bọ̀ àvún wá dù ví étọ̀n ― Agosu bought a certain big dog and the dog eventually bit his child
- to win
Derived terms
- dù àdì (“to be angry”)
- dù àxọ́ (“to go bankrupt/have debt”)
- dù gán (“to become a chief”)
- dù gbẹ́ (“to enjoy life”)
- dù hwè (“to celebrate”)
- dù kwẹ́ (“to spend money”)
- dù nú (“to eat something”)
- dù nùgò (“to boast”)
- dù wìyán (“to be ashamed”)
- dù yà (“to suffer”)
- núdùdù (“food”)
- vòdùtọ́ (“candidate”)
du - Hunsrik
Pronunciation
- IPA: /tuː/, /tə/
Pronoun
du
Inflection
nominative | accusative | dative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proclitic | Enclitic | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | |
1st person singular | ich | -ich | mich
meich |
meer | mer
m'r | |
2nd person singular (informal) | du | -du, -de
-Dau, -De |
dich | deer | der
d'r/D'r | |
3rd person singular (m.) | er; där | -er | ihn | en | ihm | em |
3rd person singular (f.) | sie; die | -se | sie / ihns | se | eer | re |
3rd person singular (n.) | es; das | 's | es |
-et, -'t |
ihm | em |
1st person plural | meer | mer | uns | |||
2nd person plural | deer
Ehr, Dehr |
der | eich | |||
3rd person plural | sie; die | -se | sie | se | denne |
du - Ido
Numeral
du
- two (2)
du - Kalasha
Numeral
du
- two; 2
du - Lithuanian
Pronunciation
- IPA: [d̪ʊ]
Numeral
dù m (feminine dvì)
- two (2)
Declension
du - Lower Sorbian
Pronunciation
- IPA: /du/
Verb
du
- inflection of hyś:
- first-person singular present
- third-person plural present
Synonyms
- (first-person singular): źom
du - Luxembourgish
Pronunciation
- IPA: /du/, [du(ː)]
Pronoun
du
Declension
nominative | accusative | dative | reflexive | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | ||||
1st person singular | ech | — | mech | — | mir | mer | like dat. and acc. | ||
2nd person singular (informal) | du | de | dech | — | dir | der | like dat. and acc. | ||
2nd person singular (formal) | Dir | Der | Iech | Iech [əɕ] | Iech | Iech [əɕ] | Iech | ||
3rd person singular | m | hien | en | hien | en | him | em | sech | |
f | si | se | si | se | hir | er | sech | ||
n | hatt | et ('t) | hatt | et ('t) | him | em | sech | ||
1st person plural | mir | mer | eis (ons) | — | eis (ons) | — | eis (ons) | ||
2nd person plural | dir | der | iech | iech [əɕ] | iech | iech [əɕ] | iech | ||
3rd person plural | si | se | si | se | hinnen | en | sech |
du - Mandarin
Romanization
du
- Nonstandard spelling of dū.
- Nonstandard spelling of dú.
- Nonstandard spelling of dǔ.
- Nonstandard spelling of dù.
Usage notes
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
du - Middle Dutch
Pronunciation
- IPA: /dyː/, /dy/
- (Limburg) IPA: /duː/, /du/
Pronoun
du
Usage notes
This pronoun began to be replaced by gi in formal address during the Middle Dutch period, and eventually fell out of use altogether.
Inflection
Descendants
du - Middle English
Adjective
du
- Alternative form of dewe (“due”)
du - Middle Low German
Pronunciation
- IPA: /duː/
Pronoun
dû
Declension
nominative | accusative | dative | genitive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ik (ek) | mî (mê, mik, mek) | mîn (mîner) | ||
2nd person singular | dû | dî (dê, dik, dek) | dîn (dîner) | ||
3rd person singular | |||||
m | hê (hî, hie) | ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn) | ēme, em (ȫme, en) | sîn (sîner) | |
n | it (et) | ||||
f | sê (sî, sie, sü̂) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | |||
1st person plural | wî (wê, wie) | uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik) | unser (ûser) | ||
2nd person plural | gî (jê, î) | jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik) | jûwer (ûwer) | ||
3rd person plural | sê (sî, sie) | em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | ||
For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here. |
Descendants
du - Mòcheno
Pronoun
du
Inflection
Personal pronouns | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
1st person | i | biar |
2nd person | du | ir |
3rd person | er, si, s | sei |
du - Norman
Noun
du m
Related terms
- duchie
du - North Frisian
Alternative forms
- düünj (Mooring)
Verb
du
Conjugation
infinitive I | du | |
---|---|---|
infinitive II | tu duen | |
past participle | den | |
imperative singular | du | |
imperative plural | du'em | |
present | past | |
1st-person singular | ik du | ik ded, diad |
2nd-person singular | dü deest | dü dedst, diadst |
3rd-person singular | hi/hat/at dee | hi/hat/at ded, diad |
1st-person dual | wat du | wat ded, diad |
2nd-person dual | jat du | jat ded, diad |
1st-person plural | wi du | wi ded, diad |
2nd-person plural | jam du | jam ded, diad |
3rd-person plural | jo du | jo ded, diad |
perfect | pluperfect | |
1st-person singular | ik haa den | ik hed den |
2nd-person singular | dü heest den | dü hedst den |
3rd-person singular | hi/hat/at hee den | hi/hat/at hed den |
1st-person dual | wat haa den | wat hed den |
2nd-person dual | jat haa den | jat hed den |
1st-person plural | wi haa den | wi hed den |
2nd-person plural | jam haa den | jam hed den |
3rd-person plural | jo haa den | jo hed den |
future (skel) | future (wel) | |
1st-person singular | ik skal du | ik wal du |
2nd-person singular | dü skääl du | dü wääl du |
3rd-person singular | hi/hat/at skal du | hi/hat/at wal du |
1st-person dual | wat skel du | wat wel du |
2nd-person dual | jat skel du | jat wel du |
1st-person plural | wi skel du | wi wel du |
2nd-person plural | jam skel du | jam wel du |
3rd-person plural | jo skel du | jo wel du |
du - Northern Kurdish
Numeral
du
- two (2)
du - Northern Sami
Pronunciation
- (Kautokeino) IPA: /ˈtuː/
Pronoun
dū
- accusative/genitive of don
du - Norwegian Bokmål
Pronunciation
- IPA: /dʉː/, [dÿː]
Pronoun
du (objective case deg)
Derived terms
- due (“to say 'you' to someone”)
Verb
du
- imperative of due
du - Norwegian Nynorsk
Pronunciation
- IPA: /dʉː/
Pronoun
du (objective case deg)
du - Nupe
Pronunciation
- IPA: /dū/
Verb
du
Pronunciation
- IPA: /dù/
Verb
dù
- (of rain) to fall
- Ele è dù à ― It's not raining (literally, “Rain is not falling”)
Pronunciation
- IPA: /dū/
Verb
du
- to shake
du - Obokuitai
Noun
du
du - Old French
Alternative forms
Contraction
du
du - Old High German
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- IPA: /duː/
Pronoun
dū
Usage notes
Some speakers of Old High German appear to have contrasted the "polite" singular (plural forms) with the regular, informal singular (singular forms), as in New High German (Modern German) Sie versus du. This distinction is however not well-attested, and may have been regional, genre-dependent, or only in Late Old High German.
Inflection
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | ih (ihha, ihcha) | mīn | mir | mih | |
Second | dū | dīn | dir | dih | ||
Third | Masculine | er (her) | (sīn) | imu, imo | inan, in | |
Feminine | siu; sī, si | ira (iru, iro) | iru, iro | sia | ||
Neuter | iz | es, is | imu, imo | iz | ||
Plural | First | wir | unsēr | uns | unsih | |
Second | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih | ||
Third | Masculine | sie | iro | im, in | sie | |
Feminine | sio | iro | im, in | sio | ||
Neuter | siu | iro | im, in | siu | ||
Polite form | Second | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih |
Descendants
du - Old Irish
Preposition
du
- Alternative form of do
Mutation
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
du | du pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/ | ndu |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
du - Pennsylvania German
Pronoun
du
Declension
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | |
---|---|---|---|
1st - Singular | ich | mich | mir mer (unstressed) |
2nd - Singular | du de (unstressed) | dich | dir der (unstressed) |
3rd - Singular Masculine | er | ihn en (unstressed) | ihm em (unstressed) |
3rd - Singular Feminine | sie se (unstressed) | sie se (unstressed) | ihre re (unstressed) |
3rd - Singular Neuter | es | es | ihm em (unstressed) |
1st - Plural | mir mer (unstressed) | uns | uns |
2nd - Plural | dihr der (unstressed) | eich | eich |
3rd - Plural | sie | sie | ihne ne (unstressed) |
2nd - Polite | Sie | Sie | Ihne Ne (unstressed) |
du - Pite Sami
Pronunciation
- IPA: /tu/
Pronoun
du
du - Romagnol
Pronunciation
- (Central Romagnol): IPA: [ˈduː]
- (Ville Unite):
Numeral
du (feminine dó)
du - Romanian
Pronunciation
- IPA: [du]
Verb
du
- second-person singular imperative of duce
du - Saterland Frisian
Pronunciation
- IPA: /du/
- Hyphenation: du
Pronoun
du (oblique die)
Usage notes
- du is at times omitted when used with a verb.
du - Scots
Pronoun
du (objective case dee, vocative dee, possessive determiner dines)
- Orkney, Shetland form of thou (“thou”)
du - Sranan Tongo
Verb
du
- to do
Noun
du
- deed, action
- (archaic) dance performance
du - Sumerian
Romanization
du
- Romanization of 𒁺 (du)
du - Swedish
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- IPA: /dʉː/, [d̪ʉː], (unstressed) /dɵ/
Pronoun
du
Usage notes
While du is the traditionally familiar mode of address, it is since the early '70s the standard in almost all circumstances, possibly capitalized in formal communications. This was the result of the so-called du-reformen.
Recently, use of the second-person plural pronoun ni as a less familiar (and thus more formal) pronoun has appeared to some extent, but mainly amongst shopkeepers towards customers.
The same pronoun ni has also been used historically as a formal way of address, but its use has (in particular in Sweden, not so much in Swedish-speaking parts of Finland) been restricted to addressing people of lower social status, whereby a plethora of different constructions were employed as to avoid the issue of pronouns whatsoever. See also the article about T-V distinction in Wikipedia.
Declension
Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
common | neuter | plural | |||||
singular | first | — | jag | mig, mej3 | min | mitt | mina |
second | — | du | dig, dej3 | din | ditt | dina | |
third | masculine (person) | han | honom, han2, en5 | hans | |||
feminine (person) | hon | henne, na5 | hennes | ||||
gender-neutral (person)1 | hen | hen, henom7 | hens | ||||
common (noun) | den | den | dess | ||||
neuter (noun) | det | det | dess | ||||
indefinite | man or en4 | en | ens | ||||
reflexive | — | sig, sej3 | sin | sitt | sina | ||
plural | first | — | vi | oss | vår, våran2 | vårt, vårat2 | våra |
second | — | ni | er | er, eran2, ers6 | ert, erat2 | era | |
archaic | I | eder | eder, eders6 | edert | edra | ||
third | — | de, dom3 | dem, dom3 | deras | |||
reflexive | — | sig, sej3 | sin | sitt | sina |
Anagrams
du - Tlingit
Pronoun
du
du - Venetian
Numeral
du m
Synonyms
du - Vietnamese
Pronunciation
- (Hà Nội) IPA: [zu˧˧]
- (Huế) IPA: [jʊw˧˧]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA: [jʊw˧˧]
Verb
du
Derived terms
du - Welsh
Pronunciation
Adjective
du (feminine singular du, plural duon, equative dued, comparative duach, superlative duaf)
- black
- Mae ganddo fo fwstash du.
- He has a black mustache
Derived terms
Related terms
Mutation
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
du | ddu | nu | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
du - White Hmong
Pronunciation
- IPA: /du˧/
Adjective
du
du - Yoruba
Pronunciation
- IPA: /dù/
Verb
dù
Usage notes
- du before a direct object
Derived terms
- ìdu
- ìjàdù (“scramble; struggle”)
Pronunciation
- IPA: /dū/
Verb
du
Derived terms
Pronunciation
- IPA: /dú/
Verb
dú
- (intransitive, of a person or animal) to bleed
- Synonyms: dújẹ̀, ṣẹ̀jẹ̀
Derived terms
- ìdú (“the act of bleeding”)
Pronunciation
- IPA: /dú/
Verb
dú
Derived terms
- Adú (“A Yoruba nickname for someone who is dark in complextion”)
- adú (“something that is black”)
- dú láwọ̀ (“to have a black skin color”)
- dúdú (“black”)
- èédú (“coal, charcoal”)
- igbódú (“dark or dense forest”)
- Ilẹ̀ Adúláwọ̀ (“Africa”)
- ilẹ̀dú (“dark, nutrient rich soil”)
- òdú (“the plant American black nightshade”)